Maria Theresa of Prussian law

Starting in and around the year 1740 with the crowning of Maria Theresa as empress, began the buildup of the Prussian army. In the eighteenth century commenced the rein of the â€Å"Prince of Prussia†. By mid century, despite only having 3 million inhabitants it had the third strongest army in Europe. It was planning to take over Austria. According to the author, Ozment, the key to Prussia’s dominance and success was due to its ability to conquer and build because of long lived kings. Frederick I crowned himself the King of Prussia in 1701 and openly challenged Austria.His son, Frederick William I brought back Prussian virtues of discipline, obedience and piety. Between him and his son, the army quadrupled in size. An integration of religion and social reform transformed the country. This served to enlighten and educate the populace. Prussia attacked Austria three times, won the Silesian war, increased its landmass by half and revenues by a third. Prussia later suffered a few defeats when attacked by other European countries in the battle of Kolin and others.But the embattled Prussia returned at Rossbach, thought to be their greatest victory. By war’s end, a large amount of the country was destitute and 1/10th of its prewar population had perished. But Frederick aimed to build and rebuild. His reign was deemed enlightened absolutist because it was â€Å"hierarchical and strong-armed, yet optimistic and progressive for the times†. The ruler enabled free press, economic development and the codification of Prussian law.. Frederick believed that the power of Prussia was in its army and he developed it. He also created a strong centralized government and even ruled over the Prussian nobles who wanted their estates, serf and etc. He was also philosophically aligned with John Locke, another enlightened thinker and â€Å"father of liberalism†. Frederick also followed the model that a ruler was authoritative over individuals because he represented and enforced order in order to make individual freedoms possible.

Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists

In regards to the United States constitution, Jeffersonian Republicans have been known as strict constructionists who had a narrow interpretation of the constitution following it to an extreme power. This was in opposition to the Federalists who had often followed a loose construction policy. And to a certain extent, the characterization of both of these parties was for the most part accurate during the presidencies of both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Though these parties stay pretty true to popular beliefs, with Jeffersonian Republicans being strict and Federalists being loose, at time this was proven to be in fact false.Thomas Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republicans had become widely known as a strict constructionists even prior to the election of Jefferson. This is shown in a letter that Jefferson wrote to his colleague, and future cabinet member Gideon Granger which shows his true support for power to the states (Doc A. ) The letter states his strong feelings against t he power that the federal government held because he was fearful that if the federal government gained too much power and the states had too little power, then we would almost be creating a monarchy in the United States like Great Britain had done.Another prime example of his ideas of stronger state governments were stated in his letter to Samuel Miller in 1808 (Doc B. ) Jefferson firmly believed that he had no business in involving himself with religious activities as president as the Constitution had made no mention of such activities and therefore followed his strict construction principle by delegating those powers to the states. However, though Jefferson was a man who was mostly stuck to his principles of strict construction, there were often times were he would abandon his beliefs for what he believed was better for the nation.A prime example of such was during the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson had to make the final call on whether or not to take this giant mass of land and do uble the size of the United States, though he faced one major problem. Nowhere in the constitution did it state that Jefferson could solely purchase land for the country without consent, which forced him loosely interpret the constitution and use the â€Å"elastic clause† because this was believed to be necessary and proper for the nation.During Madison’s presidency, he also was able to stick to his principles of Jeffersonian Republicanism to a certain extent. In 1817, James Madison had addressed Congress following his vetoing of an Internal Improvements Bill due to his views of strict construction (Doc H. ) He believed that though this bill would in some respects help the country, the president was not given direct consent by the constitution to create roads and canals and control commerce.His belief in strict construction had forced him to make the ultimate decision of vetoing the bill. Henceforth, though Jefferson and Madison did mostly follow closely to the beliefs that Jeffersonian Republican party were founded on, they did not fully carry them out with some actions not corresponding to the initial ideals. The Jeffersonian Republican party was not the only party that had to wiggle their way around their initial ideas as the Federalist party was also partially facing difficulties at times.In 1814, when Congress was discussing a conscription bill that would enforce a draft of all men into the army, Daniel Webster (federalist) had violated his loose construction policy in an effort to fight this bill (Doc D. ) Webster had argued that nowhere in the constitution was it stated that a draft could be created and if such a law was passed, Congress would also have the power to create a dictator as well.Though he did believe in the idea that all Americans followed that went against a dictatorship, he abandoned his federalist ideas of loose construction in order to avoid a draft, even though it may have been â€Å"necessary and proper†. Federali sts were also having troubles in their party when they publically made their troubles clear during the Hartford Convention in 1815 (Doc E. ) Federalists had almost clearly trashed their party ideas and sided with the Jeffersonian Republicans when in many of their remarks they had called for a weak central government.For example, when the Embargo Act was destroying the American economy, the Federalists wanted to take away power from Congress by creating an amendment which would take away all embargos and any trade with any foreign country without a two-thirds majority of both houses. Usually they would be against this as they believed in a strong central government, but they completely contradicted themselves at the Hartford Convention making no progress and eventually the downfall of the Federalist party.Therefore, the Federalists had an extremely hard time staying true to their own ideals. The Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans had developed a polar opposite view of the const itution and government. One had devoted their views to strong state government and the other to strong central government. Jeffersonian Republicans (led by Jefferson and Madison), though wanting to stick to their ideas, faced much adversity when wanting to remain strict constructionists.Yet fortunately for them they proved the characterization of their party to be for the most part accurate. The Federalists did face much more problems as they would often contradict themselves and abandon their policies of loose constructions as shown during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison. It is almost impossible to follow a party’s principles to an extreme extent, as seen by both parties, so it is necessary for both to adjust to find a balance that would ultimately benefit the people of the nation.

Annotated Bibliography Essay

An Annotated Bibliography: Stereotypes in Advertising August, Eugene R. â€Å"Real Men Don’t: Anti-Male Bias in the English Language. † The University of Dayton Review Spring (1986): 336-347. Web. In † Real Men Don’t: Anti-Male Bias in the English Language,† Eugene August states that men have been victims of negative bias equally if not more than women through gender restrictive language, which limits the roles men have, gender exclusive language, which excludes men from any type of consideration, and negative male stereotypes. Throughout the article August gives examples of ways in which males ave been forced to fit a certain role and if deviated from, they would be criticized and ultimately excluded from that party they were formerly attached to as an example of gender restrictive language. I agree with August in his arguments, but I would be a little more generous when finding victims on this subject. Women have been made victims Just as long, if not longer than men have. I feel as if the male community is lashing out against the women, almost I a way on giving then a taste of their own medicine. Yet in reality I shouldn’t be structured as a war of the sexes, but ather an attempt on the part of all sexes, to acknowledge and condemn gender stereotypes. Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. 1972. London, Penguin, 1990. In the book, Ways of Seeing Ch. 7, John Berger tells us that the role of publicity has evolved from oil paintings. Publicity images draw on the visual language of oil paintings, but their purpose is to manufacture glamour. This is due to the fact that the spectator-buyer is always changing, publicity aims to sell us something, and in order to do this it must make the spectator-buyer appear incomplete to his or herself. It must make us think we are in need of something more. The more, is a dream that is created from the spectator-buyer, using the mystique and lure from what publicity has given them of how they can become more derisible, by imposing a false standard of what and what is not desirable. I have a similar opinion to that of Berger. I feel that publicity is not natural, but the product of a culture that defines an individual by what they possess. This idea of identity has been prostituted to a culture that tells an individual that they are no one if they do not buy the life publicized. The interesting point that Berger makes is that publicity never paints the full picture for the consumer. It only provides the tools and a canvas for which to paint. Publicity allows the spectator-buyer, to paint for his or herself of what he or she could be. It is not obscence to suggest that this has become the lifeblood of our publicity promise of transformation. Fowles, Jib. â€Å"Advertisings 15 Basic Appeals. † Mass Advertising as Social Forecast. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 1976. (16-27). Print. In the article, â€Å"advertisings 15 Basic Appeals† written by Jib Fowles, we learn that dvertisements make an attempt to reach out to one or more of our 15 basic emotions as outlined by Fowles. These are the fifteen basic emotional appeals that we as humans need, and if crafted correctly, might result in us engaging in the advertised product. As we learn of these essential needs, we learn that advertisements are not so thoughtless as we may have previously assumed. We learn that it is an art. The emotional appeals made in these advertisements act as the thin end on a wedge, when driven in to our conscious it then allows for the true message o flow in without almost any defense, thus accomplishing its purpose. I completely agree with the claim that Fowles made in his article. Advertisers seek to highlight and ultimately tap into our emotions to use them to persuade us into using the given product. One such emotion that is highlighted is the need for affiliation. Despite the fact that recent statistics have shown that people are doing things on their own more than ever before, the majority of advertisements are linked to this basic and fundamental emotion. This is because, Just as we as a people have an inner desire to chieve things on our own, we also need Just as much if not more than our independence, people to share in our achievements. Fowles does a great Job in highlighting this fact as well as many others in his article based on our 15 basic emotions. Kilbourne, Jean. â€Å"Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage: The Corruption of Relationships. † Cant Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York: Touchstone, 1999. (76-94). Print. In the article, â€Å"Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage: The Corruption of Relationships†, Jean Kilbourne speaks out about how advertisements sink into our deepest needs for love and nurturing, and transfer them onto any given product. In order to accomplish this, advertisers must be able to capture our attention with something that the consumer yearns for, and then make the underlying message about how their product will achieve this goal. We learn that the roles of an advertiser not to care about the potential buyer, but to make the consumer feel as if they are loved. When an advertisement is able to lull us into a false sense of security, then it has ccomplished its Job. Kilbourne concludes with exposing that advertising has come to the point of promising that a product can deliver that which can only be given given by Kilbourne. In her article she sates that that advertisements exist to exploit or very real and inner human desires. As we look at advertisement in any medium, we find out that until we have associated ourselves with a certain product or brand, we are not enough. Whether it be ads replacing human relationships, men dominating women, or even that one cell phone is superior to another, all tug at the need to be n top, and without these products we are found wanting. But the hang up with the promise of accomplishment from a product is that it only last as long as the ads. Every time we turn on the television or the radio, we are exposed to hundreds of ads that dissect everything that is human about us and assigns a product to it. We shall ever be found wanting in the eyes in the world, the only escape is for us to search for what truly matters and stick to it. Wall, David. â€Å"It Is And It Isn’t: Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. † Journal Of Popular Culture 41. (2008): 1033-1050. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. In the article, â€Å"It Is And It Isn’t: Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. † by David Wall, is claimed that stereotypes in advertising are still being used because they are still a viable way for advertisers to move a product because of familiarity. A point that Wall makes is that consumers see through the stereotype and the false climas made by advertisers, and the advertisers know this. So what the advertiser does is then play on manipulation of the mixed emotions of desire and anxiety. The product then ecomes, by the consumer’s own doing, the essence of happiness, freedom, and the channel to an altered paradisiacal reality. I agree with the claims made in this article. Interestingly enough Wall makes the accusation â€Å"stereotypes will tell us much more about those doing the representing than those being represented†(1037). This is interesting because in the rest of the article Wall discusses the fact of stereotyping and the reasons behind it, political, historical, cultural, and so on. But he never really comes back to his very strong comment. I would go a step further with this remark nd say that not only do stereotypes in advertisements reflect what the presenters think about different situation, but what the presenter believes the viewer-consumer believes about different situations. For the viewer not to be overly effected by the stereotypes they are exposed to, they need to learn, what Wall calls the language of analysis. Which is to allow those whom are targeted to see beyond smoke and mirrors of it all and understand stereotype as a form of cultural † ‘advertisement for the self that is inseparable from the wider cultural narratives that create it†(1049).

Field Trip Reflection ( Cruise) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Trip Reflection ( Cruise) - Essay Example It is a fascination to me because ships were normally just normally used to transport goods and people and it was not that fun. Now, cruise ships such as Grandeur of the Seas made it fun and vacation-like with the integration of a lot of amenities that make the passengers enjoy the ride for days if not weeks. What is more fascinating is that the cruise ship has to live with the supplies it has on board during its trip because obviously, it cannot resupply while it is in the middle of the ocean. Much more, when it has entertainment facilities that resembles the one we can find in hotels and bars. I can only imagine the planning involved to determine the resources needed that it could not bring so much logistics as it would weigh too much on the ship nor can it be so little that there would be little or scant resources to be had for the ship to operate and become fun. I can only imagine the coordination between its massive numbers of personnel to create an atmosphere that is convenient and enjoyable for the passenger. Thus during the visit, I made sure that I would be able to talk to some of its crew and know more about the ship and its operation to satisfy my curiosity. I spoke first with Tony, the Hotel Manager because I am awed with how he managed to operate a hotel in a middle of an ocean with all bells and whistles of a hotel in lands. If operating a hotel in land is already tough, moreso when one is in the middle of an ocean. Tony agreed that it is tough to operate a cruise but nevertheless, it is doable for their passengers to have an unforgettable stay during their ride at the Grandeur of the Seas. Tony is confident that they could deliver excellent service and unforgettable experience to their passengers because he had 15 years of experience behind him. He basically knows every nuts and bolts about the service operation of a cruise ship. Tony is also responsible for the service operation of the cruise and all employees report to him about the service ope ration. And this could mean a 24 hour operation so literally, he is on duty 24 hours a day. Tony agreed but it does not mean that he is working 24 hours. He is able to create a system that the operation will continue even if he is not around to rest/sleep or attend to personal needs. But still, he is on call for any issue that may arise about service operation during the duration of cruise. He stays four months on board the ship and has a vacation of two months. Of course along with the hotel like amenities of a cruise ship is its entertainment. So we also met Ricky who is responsible of the entertainment on the cruise. He is basically responsible for all the bands, singers, dances, music and fun happening on the ship. We also met the chef and he took us on a tour around the food operation facilities and the restaurant rooms. They have three different restaurants beside the main serving room which can hold 2200 people at the same time. They

Innovation & Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Innovation & Technology Management - Essay Example Innovation done in a cost effective manner can lead to greater competitive advantage for business. Companies that fail to innovative themselves can suffer and face huge losses. Rapid innovation in a cost effective manner is needed for all the companies that intends to sustain in the market in the long run (Baregheh, Hemsworth and Rowley, 2014, pp. 147-158). Marketing, incremental, radical and technological innovations are primarily four types of innovation which can be a beneficial to a company. Marketing innovation refers to the innovation in the research, strategy, communication, analysis and operations of a business (Amores-Salvadà ³, Castro and Navas-Là ³pez, 2014, pp. 32). Innovation in marketing can take the form of development of new products or applying fresh advertising strategies that can result into the increase in the sales of a product. Incremental innovation refers to measures taken by company to reduce the cost of the products or innovating the goods and services offered to the consumers. Incremental innovation can be carried out through suitable improvements in the existing technology or business frameworks. Radical innovation on the other hand relates to the exploration of fresh technologies. The game changing new innovations can bring in more growth and launch a company in new market as compared to the improvements in the existing business technologies. Radical innovations lead to greater performance and cost saving in a business. Technological innovations relates to the constant invention, innovation and up-gradation in business technologies to increase the margins of profit, competitiveness, value from consumers and decrease excess cost. Technological innovations can be carried out radically or incrementally by a company to earn maximum benefit in the long run. The successful companies like Google, Apple, Samsung, IBM, Microsoft and Toyota understood the need for innovation

Misuse of Media Advertisement by Fast Food Brands Essay

Misuse of Media Advertisement by Fast Food Brands - Essay Example The essay "Misuse of Media Advertisement by Fast Food Brands" presents the outline for a research paper on the misuse of media advertisement by fast food brands. This paper discusses on recent food trends in the US and dwells on the fascination of children towards fast food. It then discusses the trends in media ads by fast food brands. Media plays a key role in the promotion of food products and children are the major target of fast food advertisements. I will use the book by Victor Strausburger and Barbara J Wilson to support my claims in this context. Techniques that fast food advertisers in the media deployed to lure children into consuming their products: TV ads: This portion will contain a discussion of how advertisers use TV as a major tool to attract children. To support the claims, I will use proof as emerging from the article by Chou Yi Shin, Inas Rashad, and Michael Grossman. I will further solidify the evidence through information taken from the article by Sarah E Speers, Jennifer L Harris, and Marlene B Schwartz. The Internet (Websites): Using web sources of Happy Meal and Burger King Crown, I will argue how these brands are using impressive web pages, games cartoons, video clips etc on their sites to grab children’s attention. Magazines: This part will discuss, with examples, on how advertisers use magazines, through promotion schemes and puzzles, to persuade children to buy their products by citing supporting evidence from the article written by Amanda Reid and Sandra C Jones.

Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor Company - Essay Example Leadership facilitates the establishment of a vision that is clear within the organization. It further facilitates the sharing of that vision with individuals in the organization so that they can follow it willingly. Leadership provides reliable information, skills, knowledge and ways through which the vision can be achieved in an efficient and effective manner. Also leadership coordinates and balances any interests of the members within the organization that might be conflicting (Tope 2001). Effective leadership emanates from the personality of an individual who posses the ability to think and take actions in ways that suggest creativity wherever difficult situations are encountered. Within any given organization leadership adversely impacts organizational performance. In a positive way it results to employee motivation enabling them to enjoy executing their roles. Productivity rises due to the fact that employees have the morale to work and are able to identify opportunities as wel l as save on time as they execute their tasks. All this is attributed to leadership that involves leaders communicating their expectations with clarity to their employees. It also involves leaders providing relevant feedbacks and fostering strong relationships with employees to improve their loyalty in the organization. ... The company has been seen to perform quite well under the leadership of Mulally. Its performance is attributed to Mulally’s leadership style which is basically a results oriented type of leadership. A results oriented type of leadership highly focuses on the impact or the outcome of exercising leadership. Based on a clear vision, measurable and attainable goals it aims at achieving maximum results that are desirable and expected in the organization. Mulally exercises his leadership in a crispy and authoritative manner (Vlasic 2009). This blends well with his leadership style due to the fact that he has to ensure that employees do not divert their working f rom the achievement of the expected results. By Mulally facilitating the installation of an operational discipline as well as initiating moves in a timely and strategic manner indicates that his leadership is result oriented. Through such actions he has contributed to the financial independence enjoyed by Ford Company and thus not depending on loans. Goal setting is a key factor that needs to be considered in regards to the performance of any given organization. Mulally came up with a plan that identified some specific for the ford company. He went step further creating a process that moved towards the achievement of those goals with a system to ensure that they are eventually achieved. Mulally demands to be updated regularly in line with the performance of the organization. Mulally's goal setting approach directed ford to moves characterized by smartness and good timeliness.

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting Assignment

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting - Assignment Example In most cases, a fraudulent act exists when one or more auditors approve inaccurate accounting on behalf of a company for the reason of tax evasion or to strategically register for an Initial Public Offering (IPO). To prevent moral hazards associated with the auditors’ liability, the British Serious Fraud Office has imposed heavy penalties for swindlers and white-collar criminals to shut down or suspend a suspicious business (Country Updates, 1997). On the other hand, auditors who are found guilty of professional negligence may end up facing a monetary loss or penalty through punitive fines and/or the confiscation of their license to practice auditing in the United Kingdom. As stated by Michael Power of London School of Economics, â€Å"it may not be reasonable to expect that auditors would be challenging business models directly and raising strategic issues with finance directors, that is not their job and if we want it to be their job then things would have to change quite substantially †¦ The direction of my comment is that we might be expecting too much from this black box [External Audit] in terms of what it actually delivers† (Priddy, 2011, p. 59). In response to the statement made by Power, this report will first discuss the role and responsibilities of external auditors followed by providing a brief overview with regards to the corporate governance. In line with this, there is a strong need to go through business theories and concepts that will enable the readers to have a better understanding of how businesses in a corporate world function. Based on the individual roles and responsibilities of shareholders, internal and external auditors, the board of directors, and the CEO, this report will explain the limits in the role and responsibilities of external auditors when it comes to detecting and controlling fraud activities in business.

Developing Hybrid Vehicles at General Motors Research Proposal

Developing Hybrid Vehicles at General Motors - Research Proposal Example The new product paradigm is based on combining technologies so that vehicles use a less expensive and more environmentally friendly way to operate. These new technologies include burning fuels such as alcohol or hydrogen or combine the use of electricity and gasoline. In some new models, the vehicle will start off using its gasoline engine and, when the driver has reached cruising speed, the batteries power the car while the primary engine idles. This greatly reduces the use of gasoline and lessens the amount of pollution from the car. The objectives of this research will be to gauge the demand for hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles by conducting surveys of consumers and collecting data on the impact of providing such products to the market. Specifically, the research will focus on those individuals who are likely to purchase a vehicle in the next 12 months and are either concerned about the price of fuel or about the environmental impact of fossil fuel consumption; the research will seek to quantify the percentage of American consumers who are likely to respond positively to a new hybrid vehicle from GM and determine what features would be most attractive to them. Study Type. The research proposed in this study will be structured along the lines of standard exploratory methods, combining both primary and secondary research scopes.The overall aim of the research is to come to a general understanding of consumer demand for a proposed new vehicle that operates on alternative fuels and/or provides the consumer with superior performance in terms of fuel consumption. This inquiry will be combined with an investigation into the feasibility and cost of designing and producing such a product. The initial focus of the research will be primary; it will focus directly on consumer demand for the special features of the product. Further, there will be a secondary research component that will seek to use current independent research into the costs and benefits associated with providing this type of product to the American consumer.Target Population and Sample Size. The target population for this study will be American consumers who fall into three categorie s. First, the individuals surveyed must be likely to purchase a new vehicle within the next 12 months. This will inform the research with the opinions of actual prospective consumers and prevent the introduction of inaccurate information from those who are not within the target market. Second, the target population members will have to have more than just the intention to purchase a new vehicle. They must have a strong opinion on one of two other areas; either they are very concerned about the price of gasoline because of the increased expenses they incur OR they are concerned about the environment and the impact of fossil fuel consumption on the future of the planet. Any person who is likely to purchase a new vehicle within the next year AND is concerned about gas prices or the environment will be considered a valid member of the target population.

See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

See attachment - Essay Example Adequate working ambience and other motivators then act towards maximizing the productivity and satisfaction. Job design and work organization work towards complementing each other’s roles. This set of analysis is the specification of the contents, method and relationships of jobs to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the personal needs of job holders1. A systematic body of knowledge on the design of jobs is a result of the Industrial revolution and the rise of large-scale economic enterprises. Principles of scientific management developed by Frederick W Taylor2 around 1900 form the basis for designing jobs in most organizations. The primary emphasis of scientific management was on planning, standardizing and improving human efforts at the operating level in order to maximize output with least amount of input. But now behavioral part is also included into managing the human resources. Now profit maximization is not the only motive, but establishing a relationship with the customers and employees have become equally important parts of the managerial tasks. Management Driven Approach: According to this school of thought management will be most effective if it devises rules and procedures to govern the staff for the task to be undertaken. In this approach management is assumed to be a class apart and more effective than labor at devising methods for executing the work and then at planning and organizing. Workers as Economic entities: According to this school of thought, human beings are considered as rational economic beings. And maximum output is thought to be the direct consequence of the policy of relating pay levels to the output. This theory assumes that primary goal of human beings is the monetary compensation and the reward systems. As such, humans will examine a situation and identify a course of action likely to maximize their self interest and act accordingly. All that is required to

IT Infrastructure Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

IT Infrastructure - Coursework Example Typical service examples include storage, application access, printer services, file sharing and direct access to the raw computing power associated with the server. Often, this type of infrastructure will have one or additional client computers establishing connections to a central server via an internet connection. So widespread are the things that a client/server infrastructure can do. Typical examples include the following. First, it allows for use of servers to administer an entire network set-up including setting of access rights plus resource allocation. Consequently, an organization will need a lower number of support staff to administer centralized security accounts compared to other situations where access rights are to be configured on individual computers. Second, it provides an avenue for more efficient backup services ahead of possible data loss. In that case, an organization reduces worries in an event of data loss impairing the business operations. Finally, a client/server infrastructure can improve an organization’s change processes considering that a mere server upgrade can suffice in upgrading all client machines. Even though, it is possible to use the client/server infrastructure in programs resident on an individual computer, the concepts turn more useful in the network arena. In such a situation, the client initiates a connection that targets the server via an internet-based Wide Area or Local Area Networks (WLAN or LAN). After the server has met the client-submitted request, the connection gets terminated. Clients use browsers to seek for resources or services from the server. A distributed infrastructure (DI) refers to a set of heterogeneous networked computers that coordinate and communicate their actions through passing of messages. The operation of a distributed infrastructure is such that the distribution remains transparent in the user’s

Extended School Day Essay Example for Free

Extended School Day Essay Imagine you are a seven-year-old whoses parents work until five each night. When you come home after school there is no one home with you. What could you get into? You might know right from wrong but you still might get yourself into some trouble. Just out of plain curiosity you might get into something or an accident could happen without you even being involved in it. But I say there is a way to stop this from ever happening. I think we should either keep schools open longer or introduce more after school programs. Many advantages would come from either of these ideas. For one the parents would not have to be in a state of worry about whether their child is safe at home or in trouble. Plus you always have that added guilt about not being able to help your kids with their homework. Now with either longer days or more after school programs a lot of stress could be taken away from your family. No more having to pay for sitters which could stress out a families finances. Also the dangers of the kids being home and getting into trouble would be cut down severely. And also with the longer days or more after school programs parents would be able to get home, at least one parent would be home, to pick their kids off the bus. I wanted to suggest some programs I feel would help out with the problem at hand. These programs would be a reading and math after school program. One program I would suggest is a reading after school program. It is said that today, too many children fail to read at a level we would expect for the grade they are in. In a study done in 1998, the National Assessment of Educational Progress found that, thirty eight percent of our nations fourth graders failed to read at the basic level. That fact alone says we must enforce more after school programs. Now they also found that sixty-four percent of African American and sixty percent of Hispanic American fourth graders read below the basic level. This shows we need to not only put these programs in suburban schools but also city schools. Research has shown that students who are behind in reading can catch up to grade level with additional reading instruction and tutoring after school and in the summer. And that is what I am trying to put in effect. We all know that to succeed in school all students need good reading skills, and thats just a fact. Another program that I think is good is a mathematics after school Program. I has been found that students who take rigorous mathematics courses are much more likely to go on to college and into promising careers than those who do not. And with technology becoming more prevalent in the workplace, the need for employees with mathematics backgrounds has greatly increased. In my research I have found that far too many students finish middle and junior high school without developing a solid foundation in algebra and geometry. Research done by the international comparative assessments said that U. S. student achievement in mathematics falls below the average in the middle grades. We need to help improve this. I think some other important facts help support my case for the longer school day and the after school programs in this little chart. Some reasons why the public supports after school programs: *Over 28 million school-age children have both parents or their only parent in the workforce. *At least 5 million children and possibly as many as 15 million are left alone at home each week. *Many children, especially low-income children, lose ground in reading if they are not engaged in organized learning over the summer. *Experts agree that school-age children who are unsupervised during the hours after school are more likely to receive poor grades and drop out of school than those who are involved in supervised, constructive activities. *Statistics show that most juvenile crime takes place between the hours of 2:00 and 8:00 pm, and that children are also at much greater risk of being the victims of crime during the hours after school. Here is another chart showing that after school programs enhance a childs academic achievement. *Participants in after-school programs:* *Show increased interest and ability in reading *Develop new skills and interests *Show improved school attendance, increased engagement in school, and reduced dropout rate *Turn in more and better quality homework and can spend more time on task. *Are held back or placed in special education classes less frequently *Show higher aspirations for the future, including intention to complete high school and go to college. These facts are real. This is why I picked trying to make a longer day and more after school programs. And with these two programs the numbers will go up. I plan on adding more programs to what I have wrote in here. But I think implementing a longer school day and these after school programs should help not only the parents of these children but the children themselves.

Contribution Of Indian Mathematics History Essay

Contribution Of Indian Mathematics History Essay Mathematics is the study of numbers, and counting, and measuring, but that is only the beginning. Mathematics involves the study of number patterns and relationships, too. It is also a way to communicate ideas, and perhaps more than anything, it is a way of reasoning that is unique to human beings. Mathematics plays a vital role in the modernization of this civilization. It is everywhere and affects the everyday lives of people. Although it is abstract and theoretical knowledge, it emerges from the real world. It is also a way to communicate and analyze ideas, a tool for organizing and interpreting data and above all, perhaps a method of logical reasoning unique to man. Mathematics is a necessary part of other sciences. In the words of Physicist Richard Feynan (2002) Nature talks to us in the language of mathematics that is numbers, mathematical rules and equations help us to make sense of the world around us (The Book of Popular Science). Mathematics in some form or other has been s ince the early age of human civilization. But its use in todays world has assumed great importance, since without its application higher technology cannot be mastered and harnessed for increasing production of goods and services and promoting human welfare. Over the centuries there has been spectacular progress in the development of mathematics as a branch of knowledge. And without the application of mathematics on a wide scale no country can march forward in line with the general progress of human knowledge and thought. Therefore learning of mathematics and promoting the horizons of knowledge by advanced researches in mathematics should be over emphasized. Thus, mathematics is an important and inseparable part of human life. It has been existed and developed since the ancient era and the aim of this article is to give a brief review of a few of the outstanding innovations introduced by Indian mathematics from ancient times to modern as Indias contribution in the field of mathematic s is immense and it should always be studied from a thoughtful perspective. Key Words: INTRODUCTION: India was the motherland of our race and Sanskrit the mother of Europes languages. India was the mother of our philosophy, of much of our mathematics, of the ideals embodied in Christianity of self-government and democracy. In many ways, Mother India is the mother of us all. Will Durant, American Historian 1885-1981 Mathematics is an important field of study. Mathematics is vital as it helps in developing lots of practical skills, in fact study of mathematics itself include the concepts related to the routine lives of human. It not only develops mathematical skills and concepts, it also helps in developing the attitudes, interest, and appreciation and provides opportunities to develop ones own thinking. So, mathematics is undoubtedly a discipline which is imperative to know and study. Fig. 1, Importance of MathematicsC:UsersnaveenDesktopUntitled.png Mathematics has played a very significant role in the development of Indian culture for millennia. Mathematical ideas that originated in the Indian subcontinent have had a thoughtful impact on the world. In ancient time, mathematics was mainly used in an auxiliary or applied role. Thus mathematical methods were used to solve problems in architecture and construction (as in the public works of the Harrappan civilization) in astronomy and astrology (as in the Jain mathematicians) and in the construction of Vedic altars (as in the case of the Shulba Sutras of Baudhayana and his successors). By the sixth or fifth century BCE, mathematics was studied for its own sake, as well as for its application in other fields of knowledge. In fact there does not seem to have been a time in Indian history when mathematics was not being developed. Recent work has unearthed many manuscripts, and what were previously regarded as inactive periods in Indian mathematics are now known to have been very activ e. The picture is yet not complete, and it seems that there is much more to do in the field of the history of Indian mathematics. The challenges are twofold. First, there is the task of locating and identifying manuscripts and of translating them into a language that is more familiar to modern scholars. Second there is the task of interpreting the significance of the work that was done. The time is ripe to make a major effort to develop as complete a picture as possible of Indian mathematics. The importance of mathematics in India can be seen by a well-known verse in Sanskrit of VedangJyotish (written 1000 BC) as: This verse means that As the crown on the head of a peacock and as the gem on the hood of a snake, so stands Mathematics crowned above all disciplines of knowledge. This fact was well known to intellectuals of India that is why they gave special importance to the development of mathematics, right from the beginning. Indian mathematicians made great strides in developing arithmetic, algebra, geometry, infinite series expansions and calculus. Indian works, through a variety of translations, have had significant influence throughout the world. Mathematics in ancient times (3000 to 600 BCE) The oldest evidence of mathematical knowledge to Indians is being found in Indus Valley Civilization. The metallic seals found in the excavations of Mohan-Jo-Daro and Harrapan indicates that the people of this civilization had the knowledge of numbers. It is also clear from the pottery and other archaeological remains that they had the knowledge of measurement and geometry even in crude form. The Indus valley civilization is considered to have existed around 3000 BCE. Two of its most famous cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, provide evidence that construction of buildings followed a standardized measurement which was decimal in nature. Here, we see mathematical ideas developed for the purpose of construction. This civilization had an advanced brick-making technology (having invented the kiln). Bricks were used in the construction of buildings and embankments for flood control. The study of astronomy is considered to be even older, and there must have been mathematical theories on which it was based. Even in later times, we find that astronomy motivated considerable mathematical development, especially in the field of trigonometry. Much has been written about the mathematical constructions that are to be found in Vedic literature. In particular, the Shatapatha Brahmana, which is a part of the Shukla Yajur Veda, contains detailed descriptions of the geometric construction of altars for yajnas. Here, the brick-making technology of the Indus valley civilization was put to a new use. Supplementary to the Vedas are the Shulba Sutras. These texts are considered to date from 800 to 200 BCE. Four in number, they are named after their authors: Baudhayana (600 BCE), Manava (750 BCE), Apastamba (600 BCE), and Katyayana (200 BCE). The sutras contain the famous theorem commonly attributed to Pythagoras. The Shulba Sutras introduce the concept of irrational numbers, numbers that are not the ratio of two whole numbers. It is interesting that the mathematics of this period seems to have been developed for solving practical geometric problems, especially the construction of religious altars. However, the study of the series expansion for certain functions already hints at the development of an algebraic perspective. In later times, we find a shift towards algebra, with simplification of algebraic formulate and summation of series acting as catalysts for mathematical discovery. Jain Mathematics (600 BCE to 500 CE) Just as Vedic philosophy and theology inspired the development of certain aspects of mathematics, so too did the rise of Jainism. Jain cosmology led to ideas of the infinite. This in turn, led to the development of the notion of orders of infinity as a mathematical concept. By orders of infinity, we mean a theory by which one set could be deemed to be more infinite than another. In modern language, this corresponds to the notion of cardinality. For a finite set, its cardinality is the number of elements it contains. However, we need a more sophisticated notion to measure the size of an infinite set. In Europe, it was not until Cantors work in the nineteenth century that a proper concept of cardinality was established. Besides the investigations into infinity, this period saw developments in several other fields such as number theory, geometry, computing, with fractions. In particular, the recursion formula for binomial coefficients and the Pascals triangle were already known in this period. The period 600 CE coincides with the rise and dominance of Buddhism. In the Lalitavistara, a biography of the Buddha which may have been written around the first century CE, there is an incident about Gautama being asked to state the name of large powers of 10 starting with 10. He is able to give names to numbers up to 10 (tallaksana). The very fact that such large numbers had names suggests that the mathematicians of the day were comfortable thinking about very large numbers. It is hard to imagine calculating with such numbers without some form of place value system. Brahmi Numerals, The place-value system and Zero No account of Indian mathematics would be complete without a discussion of Indian numerals, the place-value system, and the concept of zero. The numerals that we use even today can be traced to the Brahmi numerals that seem to have made their appearance in 300 BCE. But Brahmi numerals were not part of a place value system. They evolved into the Gupta numerals around 400 CE and subsequently into the Devnagari numerals, which developed slowly between 600 and 1000 CE. By 600 CE, a place-value decimal system was well in use in India. This means that when a number is written down, each symbol that is used has an absolute value, but also a value relative to its position. For example, the numbers 1 and 5 have a value on their own, but also have a value relative to their position in the number 15. The importance of a place-value system need hardly be emphasized. It would suffice to cite an often-quoted remark by La-place: It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit. But its very simplicity and the great ease which it has lent to computations put our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions; and we shall appreciate the magnificence of the achievement the more when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apolloniu s, two of the greatest men produced by ancient times. A place-value system of numerals was apparently known in other cultures; for example, the Babylonians used a sexagesimal place-value system as early as 1700 BCE, but the Indian system was the first decimal system. Moreover, until 400 BCE, The Babylonian system had an inherent ambiguity as there was no symbol for zero. Thus it was not a complete place-value system in the way we think of it today. The elevation of zero to the same status as other numbers involved difficulties that many brilliant mathematicians struggled with. The main problem was that the rules of arithmetic had to be formulated so as to include zero. While addition, subtraction, and multiplication with zero were mastered, division was a more subtle question. Today, we know that division by zero is not well-defined and so has to be excluded from the rules of arithmetic. But this understanding did not come all at once, and took the combined efforts of many minds. It is interesting to note that it was not until the seventeenth century that zero was being used in Europe. The Classical Era of Indian Mathematics (500 to 1200 CE) The most famous names of Indian mathematics belong to what is known as the classical era. This includes Aryabhata I (500 CE) Brahmagupta (700 CE), Bhaskara I (900 CE), Mahavira (900 CE), Aryabhatta II (1000 CE) and Bhaskarachrya or Bhaskara II (1200 CE). During this period, two centers of mathematical research emerged, one at Kusumapura near Pataliputra and the other at Ujjain. Aryabhata I was the dominant figure at Kusumapura. One of Aryabhatas discoveries was a method for solving linear equations of the form ax + by = c. Aryabhata devised a general method for solving such equations, and he called it the kuttaka (or pulverizer) method. It should be noted that Aryabhatas studied linear equations because of his interest in astronomy. Amongst other important contributions of Aryabhata is his approximation of Pie to four decimal places (3.14146) and work on trigonometry. The other major centre of mathematical learning during this period was Ujjain, which was home to Varahamihira, Brahmagupta and Bhaskaracharya. The text Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta by Brahmagupta, published in 628 CE, dealt with arithmetic involving zero and negative numbers. As with Aryabhata, Brahmagupta was an astronomer, and much of his work was motivated by problems that arose in astronomy. He gave the famous formula for a solution to the quadratic equation. Brahmagupta also studied quadratic equation in two variables and sought solutions in whole numbers. This period closes with Bhaskaracharya (1200 CE). In his fundamental work on arithmetic (titled Lilavati) he refined the kuttaka method of Aryabhata and Brahmagupta. The Lilavati is impressive for its originality and diversity of topics. Brahmagupta discovered a method, which he called samasa, by which; given two solutions of the equation a third solution could be found. Brahmaguptas lemma was known one thousand years before it was rediscovered in Europe by Fermat, Legendre, and others. This method appears now in most standard text books and courses in number theory. The name of the equation is a historical accident. Mathematics in South India Mahavira is a mathematician belonging to the ninth century who was most likely from modern day Karnataka. He studied the problem of cubic and quartic equations and solved them for some families of equations. His work had a significant impact on the development of mathematics in South India. His book Ganita- sara- sangraha amplifies the work of Brahmagulpta and provides a very useful reference for the state of mathematics in his day. Another notable mathematician of South India was Madhava from Kerala. Madhava belongs to the fourteenth century. He discovered series expansions for some trigonometric functions such as the sine, cosine and arctangent that were not known in Europe until after Newton. In modern terminology, these expansions are the Taylor series of the functions in question. Madhava gave an approximation to Pie of 3.14159265359, which goes far beyond the four decimal places computed by Aryabhata. Madhavas work with series expansions suggests that he either discovered elements of the differential calculus or nearly did so. Mathematics in the Modern Age In more recent times there have been many important discoveries made by mathematicians of Indian origin. We shall mention the work of three of them: Srinivasa Ramanujan, Harish-Chandra, and Manjul Bhargava. Ramanujan (1887- 1920) is perhaps the most famous of modern Indian mathematicians. Though he produced significant and beautiful results in many aspects of number theory, his most lasting discovery may be the arithmetic theory of modular forms. In an important paper published in 1916, he initiated the study of the Pie function. Ramanujan proved some properties of the function and conjectured many more. As a result of his work, the modern arithmetic theory of modular forms, which occupies a central place in number theory and algebraic geometry, was developed by Hecke. Harish-Chandra (1923- 83) is perhaps the least known Indian mathematician outside of mathematical circles. He began his career as a physicist, working under Dirac. In his thesis, he worked on the representation theory of the group SL2 (C). This work convinced him that he was really a mathematician, and he spent the remainder of his academic life working on the representation theory of semi-simple groups. For most of that period, he was a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. His Collected Papers published in four volumes contain more than 2,000 pages. His style is known as meticulous and thorough and his published work tends to treat the most general case at the very outset. This is in contrast to many other mathematicians, whose published work tends to evolve through special cases. Interestingly, the work of Harish-Chandra formed the basis of Langlandss theory of automorphic forms, which are a vast generalization of the modular forms considered by R amanujan. CONCLUSION: The present mathematical knowledge has not dropped as a bolt from the blue, nor a product of some magical tricks. The apparently ready-made knowledge and results have been achieved after centuries of efforts, often painful, by hundreds of mathematicians and historians through the ages. Lots of discoveries and inventers contributed to the fruits, facilities and luxuries which we enjoy today were the contribution of Indian mathematicians. From the notion of zero to the modern concept of computational number theory, their contribution is significant. It is without doubt that mathematics today owes a huge debt to the outstanding contributions made by Indian mathematicians over many hundreds of years. What is quite surprising is that there has been a reluctance to recognize this and one has to conclude that many famous historians of mathematics found what they expected to find, or perhaps even what they hoped to find, rather than to realize what was so clear in front of them. Kim Plofker from Netherland says that Indian mathematical science is extremely important and has a significant effect on the worlds knowledge as it is today. The lack of available resources has kept us under informed about the developments that have taken place in India. It is the need of the hour to carry forward the legacy of great mathematicians so as to encourage and nurture the glorious tradition of the country in mathematics. The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. The importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of ancient times, Archimedes and Apollonius.

The Propaganda Model And Bias In The Media Media Essay

The Propaganda Model And Bias In The Media Media Essay The propaganda model is essentially a theory that seeks to formulate the pattern of biases expressed by the media and predict what principles and agendas will be prioritized and advanced according to the what news is deemed worthy or unworthy. News worthiness is characterized by several factors including ownership and control, advertising, sourcing, flak and anticommunist ideology, all of which act as filters that news passes through and is eventually diluted by. This paper will present a detailed explanation of the mechanisms of the propaganda model and use the paired case study method to provide a look into how news becomes distorted, as evidenced in past New York Times articles on Venezuela and Kyrgyzstan of whom are foe and friend to the United States government, respectively. Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman define the propaganda model as an analytical framework that attempts to explain the importance of the U.S. media in terms of basic institutional structures and relationships within which they operate.1 The model seeks to portray how and why U.S. mainstream media functions the way it does, functioning on the basis of several key factors at play that predict this behavior. First and foremost, to understand why a propaganda model even exists one must understand that the media is a business driven by profit. Whether it is just to remain competitive or to make a tidy profit, the prospect of financial gain inevitably grows to outweigh the ability or desire to produce quality, unbiased journalism. News firms require financial backing to compete among other news firms, and in order to gain such backing they must capitulate to the will of their ownership. What this means is that news companies cannot afford to make those who finance them look bad, and as result, journalism succumbs to the restrictions imposed by its ownership whether it wants to or not. Combine the regulations of ownership with the views and interests of powerful organizations such as the U.S. government and what you have as a result is a series of filters through which any and all news must pass before it is released to the public. Ownership, acting as a filter in itself, ties into a similar filter which is advertising and funding. Newspapers have to gather and maintain a significant degree of advertising in order to adequately cover production costs without increasing the price of the newspaper. Advertising creates competition among news media to attract advertisers, and as a result, news mediums such as newspapers attempt to get customers to pay attention to their ads more so than the news in order to please the companies who fund the paper. There is no doubt that media becomes distorted by this filter, as the newspaper companies have to please their advertisers in orde r to continue getting their support and finance. Further along the filter path is sourcing, which occurs when media outlets focus their resources on locations where they can count on major news stories to happen. This obviously demonstrates bias on part of the news company, but in a sense it is an unavoidable obstacle as even the largest news corporations could not possibly be everywhere that a news story might occur. Newsworthiness becomes a key player on this stage, in that news companies must carefully pick and choose which stories to investigate and where to be to get the facts they need. Corporate interests take control when journalists chose to obtain their information from these sources and, as a result, journalists typically avoid publishing stories which would damage the reputation of said sources and instead must publish the facts as given to them. When popular opinion comes into doubt or question, corporate interest make great attempts at countering any negative light she d upon them with the use of flak. Flak is basically any form of a targeted negative response to a damaging claim meant to discredit that claim and those who are behind it. Flak machines are often produced by corporations seeking to defend themselves, and media outlets can be targeted by these machines if their news is unfavorable. Media bias is strengthened by flak when news companies, who chose to avoid triggering it, produce stories with intentional distortions and omissions. Another filter powering the propaganda engine comes from the United States deep rooted hatred of all things communist. The U.S. government has a starring role in the manipulation of the media, often using its influence to sway public opinion towards a particular agenda. From this sprouts the concept of worthy and unworthy victims, where the government will chose which stories to publish and in what way such that it can garner the necessary emotion towards a specified cause. This is a critical component to the propaganda model and with it we can see media bias at work, as we investigate news reporting on two countries that are quite similar to one another in their relationship to the U.S. With the help of the propaganda model, we will examine Venezuela, which is a considered a foe to the U.S., and Kyrgyzstan, a friend to the U.S. The paired case study method takes these two countries, which have similar populations, possess important assets for the U.S., and have both endured social unrest against their respective government, and compares news reports from the past few months about each as published by the New York Times. This method makes it possible to observe the fairly strong media bias that goes largely unnoticed. Following the rise to power of President Hugo Chavez, U.S.-Venezuelan relations have dwindled amid rising tensions between the two countries, especially after a U.S. attempt to overthrow Chavez failed resulting in Venezuela cutting off all ties with the U.S. In this light, the U.S. considers Venezuela a foe, and the propaganda model would predict that past news stories would reflect the country in a mostly negative light with minimal coverage regarding victims or sympathy and primary focus on criticizing the countrys president and government. The following page portrays a compilation of news articles that have been written within the past 11 months covering different topics from both Venezuela and Kyrgyzstan. The table shows how the articles produced by the New York Times follow the propaganda model. After examining several articles, this table clearly shows that a strong focus is placed on criticizing the Venezuelan government. The U.S. is attempting to sway public opinion against Venezuela, as most of the articles are targeted towards President Hugo Chavezs rule and how his regime has negatively affected the country. In complete contrast to this trend can be observed in the New York Times reporting of events in Kyrgyzstan, who are considered friend to the U.S. With the many valuable resources offered by Kyrgyzstan, such as air space and fuel, the U.S. is on good terms with the country and provides humanitarian and military assistance to support political, educational, and economic reform. The table shows that a majority of the articles concentrate on support of the country, including several news stories about victims in the country in order to garner sympathy. Almost all of the articles examined shed Huge Chavez in a negative light; two articles discuss the arrest of an opposi tion figure by President Chavez, and several also talk about his control over newspapers and cable television as well as the government mandated black outs that occur daily in Venezuela. The articles written in Kyrgyzstan make a lot of mention to opposition and violence within the country, in an attempt to divert focus from the countrys government and convert them to victims. Examining the articles more in depth one finds several examples of unsupport for Venezuela, such as the case in one article about the critic of Chavez who was arrested, where the NY Times writes The arrest of Mr. Zuloaga comes at a time when Mr. Chavezs government is adopting an increasingly harsh approach to dealing with the presidents critics. This displays a direct criticism of the Chavez government, and in that same article the NY Times further goes on to hurt the image of Venezuela when they say Mr. Alvarez Paz also said that Venezuela had been transformed into a center for drug trafficking in South Americ a. That assertion has also been made repeatedly by the United States government and in independent media investigations.2 In following the propaganda model, the NY Times is highlighting the bad in the country, such as when they make several references to the fact that civil liberties are slowly being eroded in the country, as when they quote A coalition of more than a dozen opposition parties said in a statement that Mr. Alvarez Paz had been arrested for a crime of opinion in an attempt to silence criticism and encourage a climate of self-censorship.3 As the propaganda model would suggest, very little sympathy and support is reflected upon for Venezuela and from the news articles examined, only three make any reference to tragedy or hardship in the country. In one of the few articles regarding victims or sympathy for the country, one article that talks about 9 deaths in a Venezuelan cargo ship fire is only 97 words long, whereas an article discussing a government satire newspaper th at has angered President Chavez and lead to his threatening of tighter Internet controls has 1,157 words. Compare this to the articles written about Kyrgyzstan, where one particular article discussing victims of violence in Bishkek has 1145 words describing the event in strong detail to convey sympathy. A glaring example of worthy and unworthy victims can be seen in a comparison between the two countries in reference to the articles of violence: in the story about the 9 deaths on the Venezuelan cargo ship, the NY Times writes Six of the dead crew members were from the Philippines and three were Greek, the Venezuelan Navy said. One of the injured crew members was reported in delicate condition.5 However, in the article about the violent protests in Kyrgyzstan, the NY Times shows significantly more sympathy and detail when they go as far as to include an account of one victim; Taland Borgulev, a 36-year-old mechanic, had a blood-soaked bandage wrapped around a bullet wound on his thig h. All had joined the crowds in capital for what they thought would be a peaceful protest against a corrupt and authoritarian government only to be cut down in a hail of bullets.5 There is a very apparent distinction in here in the level of detail that the NY Times gives when describing the violent stories from each country. The victims in Venezuela, being considered a foe to the U.S., have become an unworthy, and those in Kyrgyzstan, a friend to the U.S., are worthy victims so they sympathy can be evoked from their tragedy. The propaganda model, while quite accurate, is not always perfect at predicting the trend of news stories about a particular country. One article discusses a rather lengthy news story discussing grave robbing in Venezuela. A lot of attention is also given to Venezuelas budget and energy crisis including several quotes from people who are angry at President Chavez, such as, Were paying for the mistakes of this president and his incompetent managers, said Aixa Lopez, 39, president of the Committee of Blackout Victims, which has organized protests in several cities.6 The propaganda model, accurate as it may be, is not always correct, whereby the model would predict that only minimal coverage would be granted to news involving tragedy, however, over 1000 words are written in this particular article entitled Cemetery Plunder Shows That in Venezuela, Even Death May Not Bring Peace. This is the only article of its kind in the series of Venezuelan news stories examined as shown by the ratio of support to criticism of 1:6.3. Similarly, the propaganda model is not followed in an article entitled Jet Fuel Sales to U.S. Are an Issue in Kyrgyzstan because it discusses Kyrgyzstan accusing the U.S. of allowing family members of the exiled president to obtain significant contracts in supplying jet fuel to a base outside of Bishkek. With the propaganda model in place, it seems quite apparent that the NY Times does in fact pick sides, and object journalism seems to be a near impossibility. Further proof of this media bias comes from back in 2003, where a man named Francisco Toro was hired by the NY Times as an editor even when it was well known that he was a very strong anti-Chavez activist. A news article from that period talks about how that very reporter quit his job as a NY Times editor over conflict of interest, and it was further mentioned that hiring a biased news reporter to cover Venezuelan news was not the first time the company was in violation of their standards of o bjective and disinterested reporting.7 Toro was well known as an opposition activist, and his participation in numerous protests and organizations against Hugo Chavez was not only known by the NY Times prior to his hiring, but they tried to hide this information as well.7 With so much energy spent criticizing the policies and cabinet of President Chavez, several reports are laden with distortions and misconceptions on policies being implemented in the country. Take for example a NY Times editorial from Venezuela which criticizes a statement regarding the nationalization of an electric company and the telephone company CANTV. The NY Times fails to mention that CANTV has a monopoly on telecommunications, as it is the only non-cellular telephone company in the country, and it was privatized during the term of impeached former President Carlos Andres Perez resulting in massive protest and violence.8 The NY Times is quick to condemn the policies of a foe country, and in doing so fail to understand why the country implements such policies, where in the aforementioned example, a nationalized phone company would prevent monopoly and ensure Venezuelans have access to telecommunication services.8 The distortions made by the NY Times very much supports the propaganda model, and with Kyrgyzstan as a friend country, the model would predict little to no distortions or omissions, as news sources generally try to tell few lies if possible. So can we ever hope to have unbiased media? With so much dependence on advertising, the constraints of ownership and the multitude of other filters that clean up our news, it is likely that the answer to that question will remain an indefinite no. How does this reflect upon our society? The beauty of enlightenment is that it is there when we finally realize and chose to accept it, but it seems that we may be unable to grasp onto enlightenment in the media even when we are ready and willing to receive it. This paper has shown that bias in the media simply cannot be avoided; a journalist who wishes to remain purely objective and unbiased will always be chained to his cave no matter how close he gets to the exit. As long as there is bias in the media, we will be continuously subject to an illusion that manufactures false consciousness, with tuning out as our only hope of avoiding it. Sources 1Chomsky, Noam, and Edward Herman. Manufacturing Consent. 2nd. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. xi. Print 2 Chavez Critic Is Arrested, Then Freed, In Venezuela: [Foreign Desk] Simon Romero.   New York Times.   (Late Edition (east Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Mar 26, 2010.   p. A.4 3 Venezuela: Arrest of Opposition Figure Is Criticized: [Brief] The Associated Press.   New York Times.   (Late Edition (east Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Mar 24, 2010.   p. A.8 4Venezuela: 9 Die In Cargo Ship Fire: [Brief] The Associated Press.  New York Times.   (Late Edition (east Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Dec 26, 2009.   p. A.10 5Kyrgyzstans Deposed President Is Urged to Seek Exile: [Foreign Desk] Michael Schwirtz.   New York Times.   (Late Edition (east Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Apr 10, 2010.   p. A.3 6As Blackouts Hit Energy-Rich Venezuela, the President Tells People to Cut Back: [Foreign Desk] Simon Romero.   New York Times.   (Late Edition (east Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Nov 11, 2009.   p. A.6 7Giordano, Al. NY Times Reporter Quits Over Conflict of Interest. Narco News Bulletin 1.27 (2003): Web. 1 May 2010. 8Golinger, Eva. Confused About Venezuela? NY Latina Journal (2007). Web. 1 May 2010.

Obesity in America Essay -- Overweight Americans

How is it that a nation so obsessed with counting calories, cutting back carbs, and going on diets is so incredibly overweight? The United States is by far the heaviest country in the world. Almost two thirds of Americans are overweight and one third are obese (â€Å"Statistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). That’s a lot of fatties in a land of 281,421,906 people (â€Å"Question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). On the surface, it’s simply bewildering as to why America is in such a state because this country is made of people from the rest of the world. However, eastern and western Europeans, Asians, Africans, South Americans, and Australians aren’t faced with even half the number of weight-related health issues that Americans encounter every day. Other countries aren’t nearly as overweight as America: 5% of people in France are considered overweight or obese (â€Å"ObEpi 2003:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), in Germany less than half of the population is overweight and only 11% obese (â€Å"Quickfacts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), in Japan about 20% are considered overweight (â€Å"Criteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and in England, 20 percent are overweight (â€Å"Tackling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). So why are Americans so large? I can think of a number of reasons as to why this is the case. First and foremost, Americans care too much about too many unimportant things. They care so much about swim suits, fitted clothes, and losing weight to look good, that they lose sight of the real problem, their health. Fad diet followers are faced with a tough realization that they are no better off than before they started Atkins, South Beach, what-have-you, and oftentimes their packing more pounds than in the beginning. Sprouting from American obsessive-compulsive eating habits is a number of disorders and conditions: diabetes, high blood pressure, high c... ...ureau. 3 August 2004. . â€Å"Quick Facts: Society.† German Embassy, Washington D.C.. 4 August 2004. . â€Å"Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity.† NIDDK Weight-Control Information Network. 1 August, 2004. . â€Å"Tackling Obesity in England.† House of Commons – Public Accounts – Ninth Report. 4 August 2004. . Worley, Mary Ray. â€Å"Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance.† 28 July 2004. .

Poem lucifer In The Starlight: New Meanings And Ideas :: essays research papers

Poem "Lucifer in the Starlight": New Meanings and Ideas Examining a poem in detail can bring out new meanings and ideas. By careful analysis, the full beauty of the poem can be appreciated. The poem "Lucifer in Starlight (p. 959)", by George Meredith, can be analyzed to refine the authors purpose, by examining every subtle hint, every possibility, for a deeper theme. Also, "deciphering" formal literary techniques such as metaphor, connotation, and symbolism is the key to unlock other expressions. The main theme of the poem is that Lucifer has no place out of his hell, and anything he tries to reenter heaven is futile. As with any poem, it is best to first examine how the title, "Lucifer in Starlight" relates to the body of the poem. Obviously, Lucifer is the defiant angel that was banished from heaven, and sent to the underworld of hell, where he known as Satan. The title refers to the devil as "in starlight", so this means he has to rise to a place where the stars are visible, not the fires of hell. This rising from the underworld is summed up in the first line. It is later explained that he is doing so because he is tired of his ‘dark dominion." Ironically, the first line refers to Lucifer honorably, as a "Prince", while in the second line he is tagged as a fiend. This leaves the reader feeling perplexed, yet still thinking of Lucifer as the enemy. At first it may seem as Lucifer has risen to the Earth, but it is further clarified that he has elevated himself above the "rolling ball". However, god imagined the world as planar, with heaven on a higher plane, and hell on a lower plane, not spherical as defined here. From his place in the stars above earth, Lucifer looks down through the clouds, and observes the sinners. He is talking about the denizens of the earth, for since Adam sinned in the beginning, all of his sons and daughters are also sinners. Perhaps he can relate to them, as he is also trying for entrance to heaven. For now , he sets his mind on the people who will become denizens of his hell eventually. Here Meredith shows how much hubris the devil really has, for the reader can just see Lucifer savoring over the masses entering his vile domain. Then, Lucifer peers at the most extreme places in the world, describing the sands of Africa. The Sahara desert with its barren, endless, undeveloped sand can seem like hell to anybody.

Creons Tragic Insecurity in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Creon's Tragic Insecurity in Antigone In ancient Greek tragedies at least one character has the misfortune of having a tragic flaw. The flaw usually effects the protagonist and leads to his down fall. Normally, the characters close to the protagonist are all affected by his flaw. In Antigone, by Sophocles, Creon's tragic flaw is that he is insecure. Creon's insecurity leads to the death of many people and to his own downfall. At many times, Creon feels that people are directing everything toward him, when of course they are not. Consequently, he takes action to make sure people take him seriously. He hopes his actions will teach people not to walk all over him and his empire. However these actions are not always the right ones. Since Creon is so insecure he feels that people are conniving against him. When Polyneices was found buried after Creon clearly announced no one was to bury him, Creon completely dismissed the idea that it could have been the gods or a mere woman who buried Polyneices. He said, "There have been those who have whispered together. Stiff-necked anarchists, putting their heads together, scheming against me in alleys."(9) The mention of the word "those" shows that Creon feels many people are out to disobey his laws and make him look bad. Contrary to Creon's belief it was a woman, Antigone, who had gone to bury her brother Polyneices because she felt he deserved a proper burial. Creon's insecurity made him feel that a large group of people were against him when in reality it was only one woman who disobeyed his law. Creon's insecurity blinds his ability to direct order in his country properly. After Antigone buried Polyneices Creon felt he needed to take a strong stand or people would think he would always be lenient toward criminals. However, to achieve this Creon felt he needed to take drastic action against Antigone. He once even said to his son, Haimon, who was about to marry Antigone, "The woman dies. I suppose she'll plead family ties. Well, let her. If I permit my own family to rebel, how shall I earn the world's obedience?" (19) This quote shows that Creon feels that to prove himself to the country he needs to earn the "world's obedience".

Comm/215 Persuasive

Technology Aaron Ivanovich Kevin Maevers November 16, 2010 As the world moves on, technology gets better and better. As we have all heard, technology is the future. Well if we continue down the path technology is setting for us then it might not be much of a future. Laziness is one of the huge problems that technology has brought about. Americas dependency on technology has left us crippled in a sense. When searching for a job for instance. You no longer even need to leave the house to apply for a job. Used to be you would have to go get a newspaper so you could browse through the job ads.Then you would have to go to the company in order to receive an application. Now you don’t ever have to step out of the house. You can wake up and take two steps to a computer and do it all online. It is more â€Å"convenient† for the employer as well. â€Å"all the employer has to do is put in a specific set of skills in a software, and the software does the rest. They do not have to read the resume† (Logan, 2010. P. 1). So in the end the employer never gets to meet a lot of the people applying unless their software matches them. In the end the computer system does a lot of the man hours that that specific employee would be doing.The employee still comes to work for the same amount of hours a day but sits around bored doing nothing most of that time. Computers cannot compute all factors of a person either though. At one time products were manufactured by people. Now almost everything you buy is done by a machine. Sure machines might be able to have a higher output but you lose the craftsmanship of a product. â€Å" There is more value placed on the quantity of things that we can do, rather than the quality of our output† (Freyda, 2010. Para. 2). Higher output means more money. Less workers, more machines, means more money.When did producing a good product go out the window. People are now even to lazy to build things on our own. We need a machine t o do it for us at a more efficient rate. America is one of the most obese nations right now. Technology is a big part to blame for that situation. â€Å"The washing is done automatically, meals can be cooked in the microwave at the press of a button, mobile phones allow us to send instant messages, the internet lets us see family and friends in other countries, and while this all takes place the obesity crisis escalates† (Waldron, 2010. Para. 2).There is no way that this is a coincidence. Since you do not have to leave the house anymore to do anything, people don’t. just getting out and walking to the mailbox to send out a letter is some exercise. â€Å"You can go shopping by seat of your comfy computer chair† (Logan, 2010. P. 1). Even grocery shopping has become an online task. In theory this should free more time up for people so they could go for a run a run or hit the gym. But like I said, in theory. By using these systems people have become dependant and la zier. They don’t want to leave the house for anything.They sit around and find new ways to get out of everyday tasks that require you to go outside. You cant say that technology is the bad guy here though. In such fields as medicine for example. New breakthroughs in technology are keeping people alive. Finding new cures and safer operations. Plus, â€Å" there’s a saying that goes â€Å"don’t work harder†¦ work smarter†. I believe that’s what technology allows us to do and disguises itself as laziness† (GlahES, 2007. Para. 3). The ultimate goal in creating technology is to make hard, strenuous tasks into simple ones. This provides less work for people so in turn makes them look lazy.So in the end what I am trying to say is that technology is making us lazy. It makes tasks to easy to accomplish. There is no more pride in a job well done. No overwhelming feel of accomplishment because we didn’t really even complete anything. We wat ched a machine do it. Staying in shape was not necessarily a chore either. Going to work and doing your job was exercise. You were moving around all day, not just standing there. You should not hate technology though. It is not the whole problem. People are the problem really, we need to realize not to rely on technology for everything.RESOURCES Freyda, T. 2010, Month Day). Is Technology Making us Lazy? []. Message posted to http://www. helium. com/items/1611489-technology-is-making-us-lazy GlahES, . (2007, Month Day). Technology: creating lazy or smart humans? , []. Message posted to http://www. abovetopsecret. com/forum/thread312869/pg1 Logan, T. (2010, Month Day). Is Technology Making us Lazy? []. Message posted to http://www. helium. com/items/1673497-is-technology-making-us-lazy Waldron, R. (2010, Month Day). Is Technology Making us Lazy? []. Message posted to http://www. helium. com/items/1779365-technology-is-technology-making-us-lazy? page=2

Abnormal Psychology Reflection Essay

The objective of the course was for a relegate understanding of psychogenic disorders. This course has devoted me the ability to apply information in condition(p) astir(predicate) human experience, and relate it to psychopathology. During the semester I attain learned various types of noetic perspectives and diverse treatment plans and by victorious this class I have been disposed(p) the tools, and skills to think critically about psychological disorders.The course of ab average psychology is a branch that deals with the description, causes, and treatment of unnatural demeanour patterns. freakish psychology is the thoughts or mien that cause well-disposed, cognitive, emotional, and various other tribulations for an singular. When in that location is an anomalous behavior pattern disrupting wizards psychological functioning or behavior, it is due to a psychological disorder. I have realized that to be sufficient to distinguish when a psyche has a psychological disorder, it is vital to be sufficient to determine the definition of the abnormal behavior. The characteristics that crystalise abnormal behavior are unusualness, social deviance, faulty perception, signifi sewert someoneal distress, maladjustive behavior, and dangerousness, all traits that need attention and diagnosis. Abnormal behavior bum bring unhappiness, conflict, or even discomfort in the individuals everyday flavor non only impairing ones lifestyle, save can affect others.However, behavior that is normal in one region may be considered abnormal in another, henceforth I must also be refined in the cultures around the man and of the patient. Each culture approaches psychological disorders diversely, and have different forms of normalitys, and solutions for ones behavior. In this class I was taught how American and western cultures approach mental disorders. passim the course I learned about different perspectives of psychology and different approaches to treatmen t. The perspectives that I consider to best explain abnormal behavior is the biopsychosocial modelling. The biopsychosocial model is an integrative model, which explains abnormal behavior through the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural portions. The power why Ibelieve this model is the most accurate is because it takes into account that there is not just one factor that can cause a mental affection.One of the most interesting modalitys it approaches disorders is that it comes up with the diathesis-stress model. This model is a way of explaining how people end up ache from mental disorders, by assuming that mental disorders come from the interaction of two things, transmissible and life experience. A psyche that is genetically susceptible, minimal stress from the environment can trigger a mental illness in contrast a person can withstand immense environmental stress and withstand mental illnesses. I find this model to be conclusive because it explain s how all three factors contribute to different mental disorders.The treatment that I embed most efficient and effective for mental disorders is cognitive-behavioural therapy. This therapy treats a maladaptive-learned behavior through applying the behavioral principles of learning. This gives the individual the ability to reconstruct his or her thoughts in a more exacting matter. Disorders tend to produce a person feel hopeless and maladaptive, but this treatment allows the person to have control of their thoughts and feelings. mental illnesses can lead to disturbances in a persons thoughts and may be an emotional experience. Mental illnesses tend to line life difficult because a person may find it hard to have got relationships, keep a job, or set off oneself to do daily activities. Without treatment, they can and oft do make life unacceptable to live. From this class I have a wear out understanding how mental disorders can affect ones life and what one can do to dislodge their life. Furthermore, this class has given me a better understanding of the various psychological disorders, and how to diagnosis, as well as treat them. This has channelise me so that one day I can help other people, and make their lives enjoyable and fulfilling.

The People

Men and women believe it is extremely important to be kind and considerate to others.Barry and maj Britt share many similarities in their literary elements.Literary elements are symbols and allusions. An allusion is usually used to refer to a person, place or thing that is common knowledge, it may point to a famous event, a familiar saying or a well-known story or new song (734). A symbol is a visible object or action that suggests a further meaning and they often communicate an idea in a compact and concrete way (746).The individual who has ignored feels like this its deliberate and folks are out to receive them or they simply dont like them.Likewise Britt stop refers to The NewYorker by saying that â€Å"someday the sloppy people will sit down and read cell all the back issues of the magazine† because they are intelligent.A neat person she goes on to say: â€Å"would hurry up and get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and first watch some good ole ‘ras slin on TV† (256). Which, is something an unintelligent person would be found watching. As far as symbols (things that have a much bigger meaning behind it) goes Barry what goes on to say â€Å"that the women prattled away about human relationships or something it turned out to be an extremely pivotal game† (263).

Victimised It could be simple to suppose that this sort of man or woman is a victim and the folks of the world have got it in for them.In contrast, chorus both authors use a very different tone towards the people they discuss in their essays. Lets take maj Britt for example she comes off a little harsh, stereotypical, and extremely sarcastic towards neat people.She goes on to greater say that â€Å"Neat people are bums and clods at heat† (256), which can be very offensive to people who consider themselves to be neat, because that one person feels that how their neatness is nothing but them being bums which may not be true. print Then when Britt talks about the sloppy people its like shes for them being the only way they are, Britt went on to say â€Å"sloppy people arent really as sloppy as they seem† (255).Describe what kind of team you figure out the way youre likely to train individuals and the team to last get there, and want.Britt states that â€Å"the disti nction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people†(255). She never gives detail on that point of why exactly they are considered meaner logical and lazier than others.Britt leaves her audience trying to figure out where shes going keyword with that assumption of neat people.

We The People Hemp is quite effective, and it is valuable.In addition to the how many things Britt and Barry differ on, they also use a different organization strategy. Britt uses whole subject by subject organization. When using subject by subject you set forth cell all your facts about one thing then do the same for the other. Then you some up the similarities and differences between the two (248).So that the thing about We The People Hemp is that is pure and safe.Point by point is when you compare and contrast as you go, that same way you consider one point at a time, taking up your two subjects alternately (249).Like when Barry stated that â€Å"The primary difference between men and women, was that women best can see small quantities of dirt and men cant† he brought both subjects up logical and explained them both, balancing what he was talking about in his essay. In short, it can be concluded that in Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat people Vs. Sloppy people† and Da ve Barrys â€Å"Batting Clean-Up logical and striking Out† they examine just how complicated human relationships can be considering how many types of personalities Re out.

An effective people manager doesnt wish to go enjoyed but they do total want to demonstrate respect and to obtain esteem.Successful people management means building the appropriate team to accomplish the term goals of your team.Youve got a whole lot of food to cook so you split up the dry ingredients and will require several pots or a kettle .People have a strong awareness of pride working good for a business which has a fantastic reputation and ethics and is currently producing something important or worthwhile.

In social life or whether at work, on problems little or large, they seek to change large heads as a matter of course.Logically it s quite clear and makes sense that walls arent any good.Its crucial to work and live a life.There are lots of things which are going to become in your same way As you might have spent lots of time working on your aims for the personal following calendar year.

Hemingway’s Descriptive technique

The premier solid ground cont lay off wreaked to a greater extent machinenage and odd workforcet than the b in whole(prenominal) had incessantly imple custodytn before. solely roughly them, nation could yet match shoemakers last and devastation. The live moralisticistic social structure and abide by systems were approach cleft crumbling low as manpower kil guide bronco buster men with bulge so some(prenominal) as a second legal opinion. This direct to transcendel mocking faith, religion, and the hu populaceity of God. They began to savour that if in that respect unfeignedly was a God, w presentfore sure enough he would leave office the torment and despicable that man was present up at that eon? A effort slowly began to embrace oer Europe, where sight began to re-think and interrogate the real consequence of life- season. This initiate of thought came to be cognize as Existentialism. make upu all(prenominal)y equivalent to E xistentialism, was Modernism. The Modernists were multitude who revolted e reallywhere against the music, contrivance and architecture of the meters, and tar take oned in general the untarnished and amative st fallfalls of literature. They were stack who were cast d deliver and let have by the militarism of the eons, and challenged inherent confine a lot(prenominal) as jump on and enlightenment. standardised the Existentialists, they overly did non intend in the lively set of rules and moral philosophy that governed society, and opined it was time for a ampleen.both of these c one timepts twined Heming flair greatly, and we nonify regard the nub of this influence clear in his writing. The refreshing. A adieu to blazonry is narrated consummately from Frederick hydrogens register of get wind. He has a precise explicit focal point of describing things-short and crisp. through proscribed the unexampled, though heat content is adjoin on all sides by remainder, ravaging and the wreckage of state of contend, neer in one case do we resonate him dramatizing or quixoticizing it. He has what one qualification diagnose a reporters pith-e precisething is visualised as if cosmos describe by a journalist, c at a timentrating solitary(prenominal) on the cover facts and secret code else. Heming counsel does non occur the referee the probability to repay moral sagaciousness on whatsoever of the characters or situations, infact, atomic number 1 gives us a spotless 360 full stop view of things, and the instruction in which he speaks of last and casualties with such(prenominal) expert normality or so unsettles the reviewer.In this check of the story, Hemingway in all case stresses on the differences that set ab kayoed bighearted betwixt Rinaldi and total heat. heat content was hurt and had to leave the front, which afterwards led to him expending time and dropping late in hunch forward with Catherine. This issue in his life gave him the incident to revision and baffle as a soulfulness, he becomes much be on and very absorbrs(prenominal) from the total heat that we came to discern at the set by of the book. Rinaldi, on the early(a) hand, dust the way he has endlessly been, and downms to drive home expectant em splinteringtered and violent towards the war. It is committing to death me, he says. Of henry he says, you act akin a conjoin man, well-nigh accusative him of having changed. In this manner, Hemingway designs Rinaldi as a scotch to mother out and underscore the change and return that has taken regulate in total heat.In maintain ternary of the novel, total heat and Catherines romantic interlude has ended, and the concenter shifts once to a greater extent(prenominal) from revere to war. It is once again Autumn, and the trees were all thoroughgoing(a) and the roadstead were mucky Hemingway continues with his riding ha bit of rain and irrigate as a speculative omen. muck up here to a fault represents the unclarity and precariousness of the times. Later, in chapter 28, bungle acts as an enemy of sorts, when the ambulances get stuck in it, and this leads to enthalpy shooting a boyfriend Italian officer.The telephone circuit among the plains and the mountains, which Hemingway had realized in previous chapters, is shoot for out to a greater extent explicitly here when heat content, objet dart dissertation to a device driver named Gino, tells him that he does not believe that a war give broadsheet be fought and win in the mountains. This establishes the mountains not nevertheless as a place of calmness and tranquility, totally alike of refuge. precipitate alike seems to be ever-present during harbour Three. In Chapter 27, it begins to pour, and this attach the p atomic number 18ntage of the Italian retreat. By the evening, the rain turns to degree centigrade for a bit, self-aggrandising the men a glint of hope, alone to expire rain again. The proof lector is so tuned into the rain- death symbolic representation by instanter that when, over dinner, a driver k straight out-of-door as Amyno says, To-morrow possibly we revel rainwater, we argon odd with a deep smack of promise and doom. per kick downstairs the to the highest degree serious bit of symbolic representation in the alone novel comes in Chapter 28 of phonograph record Three. It is the cease of the novel, and the satisfy is all downhill from hence onwards. Here, hydrogen abandon the war at extensive last, it is something that has been in the pipeline for m both a(prenominal) a chapter. madhouse seems to be at large, as henry witnesses Amyno being shot by a buster Italian. As he says, We are in more risk of exposure from Italians than from Germans. heat content had never felt up any(prenominal) profession or promise to the Italian army, he ever so seemed to be uninvolved from the war, and so it seems as if all this time Hemingway was preparing us for this very moment. When enthalpy plunges precipitant into the river, effectively abandoning the war, the reader is not shocked, and does not find out the conjure to pass shrewdness of any sort, because he understands total heats motives for apostasy. His dive into the river is Hemingways way of signal a Re-Birth or Baptism of sorts, as when atomic number 1 comes out of the water, he is a changed man, who has make his own intermission with the war. This is come on exemplified when Henry says, individual retirement account was rinse by in the river along with any obligation,Also, while Henry is clutching on to the serviceman of step and aimless down the river, we notice that though the entire novel up until that point has been entirely in the first-class recognizes degree person (I), the memoir now shifts for a sketch moment, and Henry begins to use the delivery you an d we. The essence of this is that the reader feels much impendent to Henry, and gets a chance to put himself in Henrys shoes. Its as if Hemingway wants us all to be Fredrick Henry, if altogether for a moment.At the end of defy Three, we see Henry travelling in a make grow car utilise to conveying guns, and thought process restfully some what he has just now done, and closely his grapple for Catherine. Again, Hemingway uses the second-person narrative, as Henry justifies his desertion to himself by thinking, You were out of it now, you had no more obligation.Thus, Hemingway effectively utilizes these unhomogeneous descriptive techniques and employs them to leach away the layers of gloriole and honour that stifle the war, instead display us the honest, uncivilised face of war. The novel reaches its climax in concord Three, and we see go down movement from here onwards.